Characteristics of Real Time System

Characteristics of Real Time System ABSTRACT Scheduling refers to the set of policies and mechanism to control the order of work to be performed by a computer system. process scheduling in real time system has almost used many more algorithms like FIFO, Round ROBIN ,Uniprocessor Multiprocessor etc. The choices for these algorithms are simplicity and speed in the operating system but the cost to the system in the form of reliability and maintainability have not been assessed. In this paper we describe the distinguish characteristics of real time system which can be expressed as a function of time. This paper is also described in the form of a time driven model for a real time operating system and also provide a tool for measuring the effectiveness of a real time |system . For this model ,we have generated a real time system in which we measure a number of well known scheduling algorithms. To meet the real time constraints for scheduling the task different algorithms were used. Most of the real time system are designed using prio ty based preemptive scheduling and worst case execution time. INTRODUCTION In computer science ,scheduling is the procedure by which threads, process or given the access to system resources. The scheduling is mainly concerned with these things throughout: Total number of processes that complete their execution per unit time. Response time: when a request was submitted what amount of time takes when first response produced. Turnaround time: total time between completion and submission of process. Fairness: equal time to each process. In real time operating systems like embedded system the scheduler also perform that the process can meet deadline that is necessary for stabling the system. Schedular are sent to mobile devices and managed by an administrative back end. A common characteristic of many real-time systems isthat their requirements specification includes timing information in the form of deadlines. An acute deadline is represented in Figure 1. The timetaken to complete an event is mapped against the valuethisevent has to the system. Here value is loosely defined tomean thecontributionthisevent has to the systems objectives. With the computational event represented in Figure 1 this value is zero before the start time and returns to zero once the deadline is passed. The mapping of time to value between start-time and deadline is application dependent. Scheduling In a general purpose computer system a scheduler is considered good if it is fair and gives execution time to all tasks equally. When scheduling a real-time system what is most important is that all tasks meet their deadlines and are executed so that any task depending on them, meet their deadlines as well. Types of scheduling Network scheduling DISK Scheduling job scheduling Manual scheduling Multilevel queue scheduling First in first out Process scheduling Process scheduling is divided into four main types 1 long term scheduling which determines which programs are admitted to the system for execution and when, and which ones should be exited. Concept of scheduling in real time system 2 medium scheduling: Which determines when processes are to be a suspended and remain. 3 short term scheduling ordispatcher which determine which process have cpu resources and for how long. Process scheduling in computer operating system is instance of extensively studied problem from operation research which in form of producing a sequence of jobs which must a common resource. all decisions should be made dynamically for example all jobs have to be scheduled and processing time requirements are available at the start of sequence time =0 the new job will not come during processing. if it happens the priviouly computed job is invalidated and scheduling must be started overif is maintained. Now process scheduling in real time system can categorized into two categories: 1 periodic 2 aperiodic Periodic processes: which arrive at regular intervals are called periodic process and aperiodic are those which arrive at irregular. the main difference between real time systems and other computer system have not understood. the time to complete a process is important in all computer systems but in real time response time play a cruicial part in the correctness of the application software Real-time systems are divided into two classes: Hard real -time systems and soft real -time systems. Hard real-time systems are those whose deadlines must absolutely be met and system will be considered to have failed whereas soft real-time systems allow for some more deadlines, at least occasionally, to be missed with only adegradation performance but not a complete failure of the system. In judge a number of existing real time systems we study the DMA cycling ,interrupt processing blocking ang non-blocking. The deadline scheduler gives no reasonable control over the choice of which deadlines are delayed and which lead to unperictable failures result to the impact on reliability and maintainability of the real time system. real process completion is handled by step function in which there is no any value in completing the process after its deadline the characteristic of a real-time system is that correctness is determined not only by what is done, but when itis done, we propose to use a representation of a process completion value to measure the algorithms in real time system. Computational model consists a set of processes every process has a request time R ,Time interval c and avalue function R. Its value function become zero or negative. the value function may be negative at R,not rise above zero the request time R may be future time or past time . if request time r is future time then process is not scheduable but attributes in computations asre load in which current scheduling decisions are made classical algorithms are. Deadline:The earlist critical time in process at each decision point FIFO:The longest request set is executed in process at decision point Random:chosen from the request set and executed stack:the process with the smallest stack time is executed in each decision point SPT:The shortest completion time is executed in each decision point. There are many approaches for utilizing a time driven model in real time system. real time operating system support or modify the value for the process or the set of processes during run time. In this way application designr can set and modify scheduling policy for various systems. For describing these processes we assume primtives to creat and kill processes already exist. There are three real time interfaces Time control primitive: The arguments of these operating systems communicate the information needed to implement the model but the issue is the structure of informative that passed to the operating system. In single primitive each parameter would be flexible but in user might set inconsistent parametres. Scheduling policies: In real time operating system it is compulsory to provide a mechanism to express the scheduling model to implentour model. the system should also able to modify these policies to take advantage or flexibility of the system. Periodic policies: There is one way to describe a periodic policies to using optional arguments in a creative process. The creative Process make new instance of process at a specific node 5 ways for scheduling the task in real time systems. Real time system and scheduling techniques Real time scheduling techniques are divided into two main categories. One is called static scheduling techniqueAnd other is called dynamic scheduling technique. Dynamic may be static perioty or dynamic perioty. Static prioty is divided into two types 1 rate monolithic : rate-monotonic scheduling is a scheduling algorithm used in real- time operating systems with a static-priority scheduling class. [2] The static priorities are assigned on the basis of the cycle duration of the job: the shorter the cycle duration is, the higher is the jobs priority. These operating systems are generally preemptive and have deterministic guarantees with regard to response times. Rate monotonic analysis is used in conjunction with those systems to provide scheduling guarantees for a particular application. 2 deadline monolithic : Dynamic prioty is also divided into two types 1)earlist time first 2)least stack time first System and the task model Each type and unit of work that is scheduled and execute the system as a job. ALL the tasks are taken to be periodic. the system knows all the things about arrival time ,periodexecution time. the task are ready to execute if it arrives the system. IN soft real time system each task has a real positive value. The main goal of the task is to obtain a value as much as possible There are the two conditions if the task succeed the system acquire that value if the task is not succeed the ystem gain less value in a special case like soft real systems the task has nothing a vale Basic requirements of schedulars in real time operating system There are five basic requirements of scheduler in real time operating system Multitasking and preemptable In real time operating applications real time operating system should be multitask and preemtable. the scheduler are able to preempt any kind of task in the system and give the resources to task that the system needs it Dynamic deadline identification With the earlist deadline RTOS should be able to identify the task. deadline information may be converted to prioty levels for resource allocation predictable synchronization To communicate multiple threads among themselves in a timely fashionsynchronization mechanism also reqired and also the abiliy to lock or unlock is the resource to achieve dta integrity. Sufficient perioty levels The real time operating systems must also have a sufficient number of priority levels for effective implementation. Namelypurety,inheritance,ceiling protocol need sufficient prioty levels predefined latencies the timing of system call define the following specifications Task awitching latency :time to save the context of a current execution time and switch to another Interrupt latency:the time elaped between first instruction of the handler and execution time of the last instruction of the interrupt task Dynamic scheduling algorithm: Dynamic algorithm at runtime assign perioties based on the execution parametres of tasks the most important dynamic scheduling with puriotysscheduling algorithms are 1 EArlist deadline first algorithm The perioty of each task based on the value of itsdeadlinethe algorithm is simple and preemptive. 2 ACO Based scheduling algorithms. The ACO algorithms are computational models for the collective foraging behavior of ants . Ant is an agent that generate a path. ANT do not need synchronization. ant moves to the good looking neighbor for the crrent node probabaisatically Time Triggered When scheduling a distributed system using offline scheduling the whole system including the communication is scheduled before the start of the system giving a very rbust system but the cost of adding a new node is high, complete rescheduling of the whole system. To schedule a time-triggered distributed real-time system we use the same techniques as we did with the single processor system, but understandably with more complex graphs. For example we might have a precedence graph, where one task is preceded by several tasks on different nodes. Making a schedule that have a task precede by tasks on several nodes requires more of the system then of the schedule, even the best schedule will fail if the nodes time references is not synchronized and tasks are not executed in time. This requires all nodes to synchronize time with each other. This can be done at an application level like in normal distributed systems, with a common time reference with a communication protocol that handles tim e synchronization TTCAN, TTP and FlexRay to namea few. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS We have looked at the most commonly used scheduling techniques and communication protocols used in distributed realtimesystems. When we started this paper we where looking at doing a survey of everything related to distributed real-time systems,but found that to be a to vast and growing field so we narrowed our field to communication protocols and scheduling algorithms used in distributed real-time systems. During our research for this paper we have been looking atschedulers that are created to work better with the FlexRaycommunications bus or in a similar fashion. We have taken a real interest in distributed real-time systems and are looking forward to seeing the advances in scheduling and communication for distributed real-time systems and maybe one day join the research field our selves. With this paper we hoped to introduce the reader to the problem of scheduling real-time tasks in distributed systems. We presented the different interpretations of the problem and the various opti ons available to the solution designers. Our analysis of some of the existing scheduling algorithms tried to focus on the affect of the specific problem on the choices made in the solution. We hope that what we presented provides the reader with a broad understanding of the problem and a range available solutions. This paper was also aimed at providing the reader with a solid foundation for further research on the subject. Finally, we suggested possible future research directions. References 1 ^ Liu, C. L. ; Layland, J. (1973), Scheduling algorithms for multiprogramming in a hard real-time environment, Journal of the ACM 20 (1): 46–61, doi:10. 1145/321738. 321743. 1. N. Audsley, Survey: Scheduling Hard Real-Time Systems, Department of Computer Science, University of York (1990). 2. O. Babaoglu, K. Marzullo and F. B. Schneider, „„Priority Inversion and its Prevention in Real-Time Systems, PDCS Report No. 17, Dipartimento di Matematica, Universita di Bologna (1990). 3. J A. Bannister and K. S. Trivedi, „„Task Allocation in FaultTolerant Distributed Systems, ActaInformatica 20, pp. 261-281 (1983). 4. S. H. Bokhari and H. Shahid, „„A Shortest Tree Algorithm for Optimal Assignment Across Space and Time in a Distributed Processor System, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering SE-7(6), pp. 583-589 (1981). 5. A. Burns, Concurrent Programming in Ada, Ada Companion Series, Cambridge University Press,Cambridge (1985). 6. A. Burns, Programming in occam 2, Addison Wesley, Wokingham (1988). with time triggered communication. In Proceedings of ICC 2000, Amsterdam, 2000. [1] M. Behnam. Hierarchical real-time scheduling and synchronization. School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, M †alardalen University, 2008. [2] M. Dertouzos. Control robotics: The procedural control of physical processes. Information Processing, 74:807–813, 1974. [3] R. Dobrin and G. Fohler. Implementing off-line message scheduling on controller area network (can). In Proceedings of the 8th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation, 2001. [4] D. Dolev and M. Warmuth. Scheduling precedence graphs of bounded height. J. Algorithms, 5(1):48–59, 1984. [5] W. Elmenreich and R. Ipp. Introduction to ttp/c and ttp/a. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Time-Triggered and Real-Time Communication, Manno, Switzerland, Dec. 2003. [6] F. Hartwich and et al. Can network [Ati98] Y. Atif and B. Hamidzadeh, â€Å"A Scalable Scheduling Algorithm for Real-Time Distributed Systems,† Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems, May 26-29 1998, pp. 352-359. [Dar94] S. Darbha and D. P. Agrawal, â€Å"SDBS: A Task Duplication Based Optimal Scheduling Algorithm,† Proceedings of the Scalable High Performance Computing Conference, May 23-25 1994, pp. 756-763. [Dar96] S. Darbha and D. P. Agrawal, â€Å"Scalable Scheduling Algorithm for Distributed Memory Machines,† Proceedings of the 8th IEEE Symposium on Parallel and Distributed Processing, October 23-26 1996, pp. 84-91. [Khe97] A. Khemka and R. K. Shyamasundar, â€Å"An Optimal Multiprocessor Real-Time Scheduling Algorithm,† Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing, vol. 43, 1997, pp. 37-45.   

Summary Creating Shared Value

Creating Shared Value Michael E. Porter, Mark R. Kramer; Harvard Business Review Summary The article â€Å"Creating Shared Valueâ€Å", written by Michael E. Porter and Mark R. Kramer and published in the â€Å"Harvard Business Reviewâ€Å" in January 2011 deals with the idea of innovating the purpose of a corporation and their relationship to the government and social environment in order to identify unknown customer needs and expand the total pool of economic and social value.In the introduction the authors explain that the problem of the contemporary, narrowed capitalistic conception is the reduced trust that people have in business, which is seen as the reason for all kinds of environmental, societal and economic problems. In this neoclassical view, social responsibility is seen by businesses as a constraint in economic success which arises costs; conducting business as usual was seen as spending enough social benefit. Many companies tried to increase their profits by means o f restructuring and personnel reductions; at the same time, communities only perceived little benefit.But according to Kramer and Porter, the competitiveness of a company and the wealth of a community is closely interrelated. On the one hand, Firms need a strong social environment to have enough demand and to be able to benefit from public assets, on the other hand communities gain workplaces by having strong businesses. Firms set corporate responsibility programs only to improve their image and as cheap as possible, not because they regarded it as a productivity driver.Further more, they define themselves as â€Å"globalâ€Å" and often do not have a home base which the authors declare as â€Å"something profoundly importantâ€Å" in strategy theory in order to create value. Companies neglected the interrelation between a distinctive value creation and societal needs and focused more on the industry. For this reason the government had to arise laws restricting the success and c ompetitiveness of the companies, disregarding that nowadays firms in the global economy can easily move elsewhere.Porter and Kramer criticize the business models of most of the companies which focus on short-term profit maximization in contrast to long-term optimization, partially because the market forces them to do that, and did not pay attention to the most important customer needs and broader influences. It seemed that society and economy for a long time worked against each other. In the same time they request the companies to take the initiative in bringing business and society back together by focusing more on societal issues.This idea is not about charity but about understanding the markets and competition. The authors call this model the â€Å"principle of creating shared valueâ€Å". Increasing the shared value in this context is a self-interested concept to set policies and practices advancing the competitiveness of a company by means of enhancing the connection between economic as well as social conditions in their home community with the final goal to increase the total economic as well as societal value.A necessary condition for managers is to develop new skills and knowledge about social affairs, but the government also has to adapt in a way that gives companies the opportunity to act profitable under these circumstances. The authors go a step further and describe the three distinct ways every company has to create societal as well as economic value. They also interact in a way that improving in one of them means rising opportunities in the other. The first issue is reconceiving products and markets.It means that companies have to find out current unmet societal needs their products embody and try to fulfill them because innovations are nowadays the best business opportunities both in advanced and developing economies. An important point is that demand in this case is not static but very dynamic so that those opportunities arise frequently. Fir ms can reposition themselves quite often in order to absorb the grown potential. Especially in disadvantaged communities the demand is so high that firms can profit substantially by selling a large quantity to low prices; but sometimes new or redesigned roducts made for developing communities can also have applications to traditional markets. As a second way to create shared value the authors mention redefining and reexaminating productivity in the value chain which is largely influenced by societal issues. Misuse in those issues and externalities are costly both to the environment and the business. Firms can use synergies between economic and societal issues to raise satisfaction and create shared value.Previously, a change in environmental performance was avoided because it arose too many short-time expenses, but nowadays it is clear that it can even increase product quality and aviod costs. This new thinking is also enabled by renewals in technology and may unlock new, unexplored economic value. In a following step, Porter and Kramer mention parts of the value chain where changes can be made and were already observed, for example the reexamination of energy use or logistics, especially shipping routes. Besides, heightened environmental awareness ensures new methods of resource use and advantages all parts of the value chain.In the procurement area the traditional thinking of commoditization and price competition by only purchasing from small businesses in low wages countries changes into accessing to inputs and taking part in product production to ensure product quality and customer satisfaction. New distribution methods are developed to create shared value and lower environmental costs, e. g. iTunes or Kindle. Instead of holding down wage levels and diminishing health costs, many companies have learned that increasing the satisfaction and the welfare of their workers have a more positive impact on their results then called savings.Because of high transport ation and energy costs, a firm's location gains more and more in importance and now all steps of the value chain tend to be closer together. The third way to create shared value, after Kramer and Porter, is enabling the local cluster development. A cluster, a geographic concentration of businesses and institutions, is seen as a necessary condition to maintain productivity and competitiveness because no company can be self-contained. So business is dependent on their environment, e. g. consisting of nfrastructure and supporting companies, and has to work on it. A lack of framework conditions arise internal costs, such as costs of logistics or the possible pool of workers, and has to be identified and mended by the company. Another key condition is the formation of open and transparent markets. As mentioned before, the company's success is closely interrelated to their community; consequently a functioning cluster in their home base and further investments on it have multiplier effect s such as increasing demand and job creation.Their theory recognizes that societal needs define markets. Besides, social harms creating internal costs for firms can be prevented through increasing in technology and operations management. As a result, firms can even act more productive and expand their market environment. An important note is that the main goal is not to increase personal value but the total economic and social value, so this is not an issue about restructuring but developing shared value. While this article focuses more on the perspective of the companies, it also affects government and civil society.Considering all the facts creating shared value is a meaningful concept to influence simultaneously societal and economic progress in order to raise total benefits. But not all profits are equal. The authors claim profits involving a social purpose because to their opinion these profits endure; they call it â€Å"right kind of profitâ€Å". As result, Kramer and Porte r expect the next wave of global growth. The opportunities to create shared value are given, but perceiving the chance is up to the companies themselves and can be part of nearly every decision.

Louis XI of France Essay

Machiavelli’s suggestion that a ruler should rule like both a lion and a fox is exemplified to very different degrees with the monarchs Isabella and Ferdinand of Spain, and Louis XI of France. Isabella and Ferdinand were strong, ferocious leaders who implemented local and state level authority impressively. They also cleverly established a guilded appearance as religious figures connected through diplomatic alliance to the Catholic church. They follow Machiavelli’s suggestion to the T. Louis XI of France, tells a different tale. Although he was known as the â€Å"Spider King†, infamous of his scheming, he was cleverly created footholds in the capitalistic realm of his country. His greatest downfall was his lack of foresight, and sheepish tendencies toward reclusiveness and isolation. Isabella and Ferdinand were supreme rulers. They established extreme, and savage local authorities that suppressed violence in their local city levels. They also brutally enforced the reconquista, the exile of Jews and Muslims. This gave them the appearance of being fierce, and proud. They were able to properly govern their people, protecting them from violence also keeping Catholicism at its prime. Isabella and Ferdinand were also considerably sly and clever as well. They created the appearance that they were extreme religious fanatics, while in actuality they were not. This granted them support from their followers, and also allowed them to create alliances with the Catholic church. With such alliances like Pope Alexander, they were able to gain footholds with the choosing of the bishops not only in Spain, but also in the new American Hispanic territories. It can alos be taken into consideration that Isabella and Ferdinand were able to also put the crown at the center of their government by training men of the middle class in Roman law, so that they were capable of ruling on a royal council, removing all outside nobility and aristocratic influence. Yet again, another fox like move. Louis XI of France tells a different tale. He promoted many new industries for France. This includes the silk and weaving at the Lyons and Tours. By doing this he created a capitalistic gain in his part of the continent. It welcomed new craftsmen from all over to draw monetary gain into his country. It was a very clever and â€Å"fox like† move. Again Louis of France was known for is commercial treaties that he created and welcomed with England, Portugal, and the towns of the Hanseatic League. By doing this he created economic alliance with these areas. He was capable creating unestablished but relevant ties to both these areas. It created a constant supply and demand to also aid France’s finances. Without making it known, England and Portugal had the potential to become economically reliant on France, and it’s new industries. Yet another â€Å"fox like† attribute. Unfortunately what Louis XI had in â€Å"fox like† qualities, he lacked in â€Å"lion like† ones. Because of this he was often marked with the term â€Å"Spider King† and known for his scheming ways. He was also criticized for not being nobel or brave when it came to the country’s infantry. He disbanded it, and instead hired Swedish mercenaries instead. You can imagine how terrible this looked upon himself, not supporting France or its capabilities. Because of this, Louis XI of France was made to look a coward. As it has been established, Ferdinand and Isabella are extraordinary examples of Machiavelli’s suggestion. They were both militarily fierce, but also well admired through they involvement in the church, making them effective rulers. Louis XI on the other hand, was less fortunate. Because he leaned too heavily toward one side, it can be seen that he was often a less effective ruler. Although his economic power was admirable, his lack of integrity and support for his own country is seen as cowardly. It is said that he was considered a reclusive and isolated man, and few mourned his death.

The Holocaust Extreme Evil - 1025 Words

Rebecca Beechhold Kathryn Edelstein Honors English 10 22 September 2015 ADD Hook The Holocaust revealed the extreme evil in human nature on both a grand and small scale. Hitler, a strong supporter of antisemitism, had an agenda to create a dominant Aryan race and would stop at nothing to diminish the Jewish population. This meant forcing innocent Jewish people into death and labor camps, where conditions were brutal and treatment was atrociously inhumane. Overtime, this grand scale oppression sparked anger and violence within the victims. Instead of supporting one another in times of trouble, they began to commit senseless acts of violence towards one another in response to the cruelty they faced. Survival became their highest value, at any cost. Elie Wiesel witnesses this first hand on many accounts and spends his life striving to educate the world about the horrors of the Holocaust. In his Holocaust memoir, Night, he uses the motifs: night, silence, and flames, to develop the idea that evil is part of human nature. The motif flames symbolizes suffering and dea th of innocent people out evil and intolerance within human nature. The Nazis senselessly follow orders to burn millions of people, sentencing them to their death. Wiesel notices their ability to commit heinous crimes as a sign that there is evil within everyone. As the train full of Jews approach Auschwitz, Mrs. Schà ¤chter has a vision of fire and flames, â€Å" Jews, look! Look through the window! Flames! Look (36)!Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Night And Human Nature1006 Words   |  5 PagesNight by Elie Wiesel. Evil acts, discrimination towards others, and perseverance for survival, are all apart of human nature. Human nature are the distinguishing characteristics of the way people feel, act, and think. All of these things are separate from any outside influences. 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